v1.9.6

FIXED:
* More clear docs for bitmask
* Resolved potential issue for using PriorityAll in
  logging.logPrio.HasFlag.

.encoding.TODO/bit/docs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+Package bit aims to provide feature parity with stdlib's [encoding/hex].
+
+It's a ludicrous tragedy that hex/base16, base32, base64 all have libraries for converting
+to/from string representations... but there's nothing for binary ('01010001' etc.) whatsoever.
+
+This package also provides some extra convenience functions and types in an attempt to provide
+an abstracted bit-level fidelity in Go. A [Bit] is a bool type, in which that underlying bool
+being false represents a 0 and that underlying bool being true represents a 1.
+
+Note that a [Bit] or arbitrary-length or non-octal-aligned [][Bit] may take up more bytes in memory
+than expected; a [Bit] will actually always occupy a single byte -- thus representing
+`00000000 00000000` as a [][Bit] or [16][Bit] will actually occupy *sixteen bytes* in memory,
+NOT 2 bytes (nor, obviously, [2][Byte])!
+It is recommended instead to use a [Bits] instead of a [Bit] slice or array, as it will try to properly align to the
+smallest memory allocation possible (at the cost of a few extra CPU cycles on adding/removing one or more [Bit]).
+It will properly retain any appended, prepended, leading, or trailing bits that do not currently align to a byte.
+*/
+package bit

.encoding.TODO/bit/funcs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package bit
+
+// TODO: Provide analogues of encoding/hex, encoding/base64, etc. functions etc.
+
+/*
+	TODO: Also provide interfaces for the following:
+
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#BinaryAppender
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#BinaryMarshaler
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#BinaryUnmarshaler
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#TextAppender
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#TextMarshaler
+	* https://pkg.go.dev/encoding#TextUnmarshaler
+*/

.encoding.TODO/bit/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package bit
+
+type (
+	// Bit aims to provide a native-like type for a single bit (Golang operates on the smallest fidelity level of *byte*/uint8).
+	Bit bool
+
+	// Bits is an arbitrary length of bits.
+	Bits struct {
+		/*
+			leading is a series of Bit that do not cleanly align to the beginning of Bits.b.
+			They will always be the bits at the *beginning* of the sequence.
+			len(Bits.leading) will *never* be more than 7;
+			it's converted into a byte, prepended to Bits.b, and cleared if it reaches that point.
+		*/
+		leading []Bit
+		// b is the condensed/memory-aligned alternative to an [][8]Bit (or []Bit, or [][]Bit, etc.).
+		b []byte
+		/*
+			remaining is a series of Bit that do not cleanly align to the end of Bits.b.
+			They will always be the bits at the *end* of the sequence.
+			len(Bits.remaining) will *never* be more than 7;
+			it's converted into a byte, appended to Bits.b, and cleared if it reaches that point.
+		*/
+		remaining []Bit
+		// fixedLen, if 0, represents a "slice". If >= 1, it represents an "array".
+		fixedLen uint
+	}
+
+	// Byte is this package's representation of a byte. It's primarily for convenience.
+	Byte byte
+
+	// Bytes is defined as a type for convenience single-call functions.
+	Bytes []Byte
+)

bitmask/bitmask.go

@@ -34,12 +34,56 @@ func NewMaskBitExplicit(value uint) (m *MaskBit) {
 	return
 }
 
-// HasFlag is true if m has MaskBit flag set/enabled.
+/*
+	HasFlag is true if m has MaskBit flag set/enabled.
+
+	THIS WILL RETURN FALSE FOR OR'd FLAGS.
+
+	For example:
+
+		flagA MaskBit = 0x01
+		flagB MaskBit = 0x02
+		flagComposite = flagA | flagB
+
+		m *MaskBit = NewMaskBitExplicit(uint(flagA))
+
+	m.HasFlag(flagComposite) will return false even though flagComposite is an OR
+	that contains flagA.
+	Use [MaskBit.IsOneOf] instead if you do not desire this behavior,
+	and instead want to test composite flag *membership*.
+	(MaskBit.IsOneOf will also return true for non-composite equality.)
+
+	To be more clear, if MaskBit flag is a composite MaskBit (e.g. flagComposite above),
+	HasFlag will only return true of ALL bits in flag are also set in MaskBit m.
+*/
 func (m *MaskBit) HasFlag(flag MaskBit) (r bool) {
 
 	var b MaskBit = *m
 
-	if b&flag != 0 {
+	if b&flag == flag {
+		r = true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+	IsOneOf is like a "looser" form of [MaskBit.HasFlag]
+	in that it allows for testing composite membership.
+
+	See [MaskBit.HasFlag] for more information.
+
+	If composite is *not* an OR'd MaskBit (i.e.
+	it falls directly on a boundary -- 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.),
+	then IsOneOf will behave exactly like HasFlag.
+
+	If m is a composite MaskBit (it usually is) and composite is ALSO a composite MaskBit,
+	IsOneOf will return true if ANY of the flags set in m is set in composite.
+*/
+func (m *MaskBit) IsOneOf(composite MaskBit) (r bool) {
+
+	var b MaskBit = *m
+
+	if b&composite != 0 {
 		r = true
 	}
 	return

bitmask/doc.go

@@ -1,9 +1,35 @@
 /*
 Package bitmask handles a flag-like opt/bitmask system.
 
-See https://yourbasic.org/golang/bitmask-flag-set-clear/ for more information.
+See https://yourbasic.org/golang/bitmask-flag-set-clear/ for basic information on what bitmasks are and why they're useful.
 
-To use this, set constants like thus:
+Specifically, in the case of Go, they allow you to essentially manage many, many, many "booleans" as part of a single value.
+
+A single bool value in Go takes up 8 bits/1 byte, unavoidably.
+
+However, a [bitmask.MaskBit] is backed by a uint which (depending on your platform) is either 32 bits/4 bytes or 64 bits/8 bytes.
+
+"But wait, that takes up more memory though!"
+
+Yep, but bitmasking lets you store a "boolean" AT EACH BIT - it operates on
+whether a bit in a byte/set of bytes at a given position is 0 or 1.
+
+Which means on 32-bit platforms, a [MaskBit] can have up to 4294967295 "booleans" in a single value (0 to (2^32)-1).
+
+On 64-bit platforms, a [MaskBit] can have up to 18446744073709551615 "booleans" in a single value (0 to (2^64)-1).
+
+If you tried to do that with Go bool values, that'd take up 4294967295 bytes (4 GiB)
+or 18446744073709551615 bytes (16 EiB - yes, that's [exbibytes]) of RAM for 32-bit/64-bit platforms respectively.
+
+"But that has to be so slow to unpack that!"
+
+Nope. It's not using compression or anything, the CPU is just comparing bit "A" vs. bit "B" 32/64 times. That's super easy work for a CPU.
+
+There's a reason Doom used bitmasking for the "dmflags" value in its server configs.
+
+# Usage
+
+To use this library, set constants like thus:
 
 	package main
 
@@ -42,12 +68,95 @@ But this would return false:
 
 	MyMask.HasFlag(OPT2)
 
+# Technical Caveats
+
+TARGETING
+
+When implementing, you should always set MyMask (from Usage section above) as the actual value.
+For example, if you are checking a permissions set for a user that has the value, say, 6
+
+	var userPerms uint = 6 // 0x0000000000000006
+
+and your library has the following permission bits defined:
+
+	const PermsNone bitmask.MaskBit = 0
+	const (
+		PermsList bitmask.MaskBit = 1 << iota // 1
+		PermsRead                             // 2
+		PermsWrite                            // 4
+		PermsExec                             // 8
+		PermsAdmin                            // 16
+	)
+
+And you want to see if the user has the PermsRead flag set, you would do:
+
+	userPermMask = bitmask.NewMaskBitExplicit(userPerms)
+	if userPermMask.HasFlag(PermsRead) {
+		// ...
+	}
+
+NOT:
+
+	userPermMask = bitmask.NewMaskBitExplicit(PermsRead)
+	// Nor:
+	// userPermMask = PermsRead
+	if userPermMask.HasFlag(userPerms) {
+		// ...
+	}
+
+This will be terribly, horribly wrong, cause incredibly unexpected results,
+and quite possibly cause massive security issues. Don't do it.
+
+COMPOSITES
+
+If you want to define a set of flags that are a combination of other flags,
+your inclination would be to bitwise-OR them together:
+
+	const (
+		flagA bitmask.MaskBit = 1 << iota // 1
+		flagB                             // 2
+	)
+
+	const (
+		flagAB bitmask.MaskBit = flagA | flagB // 3
+	)
+
+Which is fine and dandy. But if you then have:
+
+	var myMask *bitmask.MaskBit = bitmask.NewMaskBit()
+
+	myMask.AddFlag(flagA)
+
+You may expect this call to [MaskBit.HasFlag]:
+
+	myMask.HasFlag(flagAB)
+
+to be true, since flagA is "in" flagAB.
+It will return false - HasFlag does strict comparisons.
+It will only return true if you then ALSO do:
+
+	// This would require setting flagA first.
+	// The order of setting flagA/flagB doesn't matter,
+	// but you must have both set for HasFlag(flagAB) to return true.
+	myMask.AddFlag(flagB)
+
+or if you do:
+
+	// This can be done with or without additionally setting flagA.
+	myMask.AddFlag(flagAB)
+
+Instead, if you want to see if a mask has membership within a composite flag,
+you can use [MaskBit.IsOneOf].
+
+# Other Options
+
 If you need something with more flexibility (as always, at the cost of complexity),
 you may be interested in one of the following libraries:
 
-. github.com/alvaroloes/enumer
+	* [github.com/alvaroloes/enumer]
-. github.com/abice/go-enum
+	* [github.com/abice/go-enum]
-. github.com/jeffreyrichter/enum/enum
+	* [github.com/jeffreyrichter/enum/enum]
 
+[exbibytes]: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exbibyte
 */
 package bitmask

go.mod

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 module r00t2.io/goutils
 
-go 1.16
+go 1.24.5
 
 require (
-	github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20191104093116-d3cd4ed1dbcf
+	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0
-	r00t2.io/sysutils v1.1.1
+	r00t2.io/sysutils v1.14.0
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/djherbis/times v1.6.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20191104093116-d3cd4ed1dbcf h1:iW4rZ826su+pqaw19uhpSCzhj44qo35pNgKFGqzDKkU=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 h1:RrqgGjYQKalulkV8NGVIfkXQf6YYmOyiJKk8iXXhfZs=
-github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20191104093116-d3cd4ed1dbcf/go.mod h1:F5haX7vjVVG0kc13fIWeqUViNPyEJxv/OmvnBo0Yme4=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0/go.mod h1:Y58oyj3AT4RCenI/lSvhwexgC+NSVTIJ3seZv2GcEnc=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
+github.com/djherbis/times v1.6.0 h1:w2ctJ92J8fBvWPxugmXIv7Nz7Q3iDMKNx9v5ocVH20c=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/djherbis/times v1.6.0/go.mod h1:gOHeRAz2h+VJNZ5Gmc/o7iD9k4wW7NMVqieYCY99oc0=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e h1:fLOSk5Q00efkSvAm+4xcoXD+RRmLmmulPn5I3Y9F2EM=
+github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.0.4/go.mod h1:xhWf0FNVPg57R7Z0UbKHbJfkEywrmjJnf7w5xrFpKfA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
-r00t2.io/sysutils v1.1.1 h1:q2P5u50HIIRk6muCPo1Gpapy6sNT4oaB1l2O/C/mi3A=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
-r00t2.io/sysutils v1.1.1/go.mod h1:Wlfi1rrJpoKBOjWiYM9rw2FaiZqraD6VpXyiHgoDo/o=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220615213510-4f61da869c0c/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+r00t2.io/sysutils v1.14.0/go.mod h1:ZJ7gZxFVQ7QIokQ5fPZr7wl0XO5Iu+LqtE8j3ciRINw=

iox/docs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*
+Package iox includes extensions to the stdlib `io` module.
+*/
+package iox

iox/errs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package iox
+
+import (
+	`errors`
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrBufTooSmall error = errors.New("buffer too small; buffer size must be > 0")
+)

iox/funcs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package iox
+
+import (
+	`io`
+)
+
+/*
+CopyBufN is a mix between io.CopyN and io.CopyBuffer.
+
+Despite what the docs may suggest, io.CopyN does NOT *read* n bytes from src AND write n bytes to dst.
+Instead, it always reads 32 KiB from src, and writes n bytes to dst.
+
+There are, of course, cases where this is deadfully undesired.
+
+One can, of course, use io.CopyBuffer, but this is a bit annoying since you then have to provide a buffer yourself.
+
+This convenience-wraps io.CopyBuffer to have a similar signature to io.CopyN but properly uses n for both reading and writing.
+*/
+func CopyBufN(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, n int64) (written int64, err error) {
+
+	var b []byte
+
+	if n <= 0 {
+		err = ErrBufTooSmall
+		return
+	}
+
+	b = make([]byte, n)
+
+	written, err = io.CopyBuffer(dst, src, b)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// CopyBufWith allows for specifying a buffer allocator function, otherwise acts as CopyBufN.
+func CopyBufWith(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, bufFunc func() (b []byte)) (written int64, err error) {
+
+	written, err = io.CopyBuffer(dst, src, bufFunc())
+
+	return
+}

iox/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package iox
+
+type (
+	// RuneWriter matches the behavior of *(bytes.Buffer).WriteRune and *(bufio.Writer).WriteRune
+	RuneWriter interface {
+		WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error)
+	}
+)

logging/TODO

@@ -1,16 +1,25 @@
+- macOS support beyond the legacy NIX stuff. it apparently uses something called "ULS", "Unified Logging System".
+-- https://developer.apple.com/documentation/os/logging
+-- https://developer.apple.com/documentation/os/generating-log-messages-from-your-code
+-- no native Go support (yet)?
+--- https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/773369
+
+- The log destinations for e.g. consts_nix.go et. al. probably should be unexported types.
+
+- add a `log/slog` logging.Logger?
+
 - Implement code line/func/etc. (only for debug?):
   https://stackoverflow.com/a/24809646
   https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/#Caller
   -- log.LlongFile and log.Lshortfile flags don't currently work properly for StdLogger/FileLogger; they refer to the file in logging package rather than the caller.
+  -- ZeroLog seems to be able to do it, take a peek there.
 
 - StdLogger2; where stdout and stderr are both logged to depending on severity level.
   - make configurable via OR bitmask
 
-- Suport remote loggers? (eventlog, syslog, systemd)
+- Suport remote loggers? (eventlog, syslog, journald)
 
 - JSON logger? YAML logger? XML logger?
 
 - DOCS.
 -- Done, but flesh out.
-
-- Implement io.Writer interfaces

logging/consts_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package logging
+
+var (
+	// defLogPaths indicates default log paths.
+	defLogPaths = []string{
+		"/var/log/golang/program.log",
+		"~/Library/Logs/Golang/program.log",
+	}
+)

logging/consts_linux.go

@@ -1,32 +1,5 @@
 package logging
 
-import (
-	`log/syslog`
-
-	`r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask`
-)
-
-const (
-	// devlog is the path to the syslog char device.
-	devlog string = "/dev/log"
-	// syslogFacility is the facility to use; it's a little like a context or scope if you think of it in those terms.
-	syslogFacility syslog.Priority = syslog.LOG_USER
-)
-
-// Flags for logger configuration. These are used internally.
-const (
-	// LogUndefined indicates an undefined Logger type.
-	LogUndefined bitmask.MaskBit = 1 << iota
-	// LogJournald flags a SystemDLogger Logger type.
-	LogJournald
-	// LogSyslog flags a SyslogLogger Logger type.
-	LogSyslog
-	// LogFile flags a FileLogger Logger type.
-	LogFile
-	// LogStdout flags a StdLogger Logger type.
-	LogStdout
-)
-
 var (
 	// defLogPaths indicates default log paths.
 	defLogPaths = []string{

logging/consts_nix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios
+
+// I mean maybe it works for plan9 and ios, I don't know.
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"log/syslog"
+
+	"r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask"
+)
+
+const (
+	// devlog is the path to the syslog char device.
+	devlog string = "/dev/log"
+	// syslogFacility is the facility to use; it's a little like a context or scope if you think of it in those terms.
+	syslogFacility syslog.Priority = syslog.LOG_USER
+)
+
+// Flags for logger configuration. These are used internally.
+
+// LogUndefined indicates an undefined Logger type.
+const LogUndefined bitmask.MaskBit = iota
+const (
+	// LogJournald flags a SystemDLogger Logger type. This will, for hopefully obvious reasons, only work on Linux systemd systems.
+	LogJournald bitmask.MaskBit = 1 << iota
+	// LogSyslog flags a SyslogLogger Logger type.
+	LogSyslog
+	// LogFile flags a FileLogger Logger type.
+	LogFile
+	// LogStdout flags a StdLogger Logger type.
+	LogStdout
+)

logging/consts_windows.go

@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@ package logging
 import (
 	`os`
 	`path/filepath`
-
-	`r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask`
 )
 
 // Flags for logger configuration. These are used internally.
+// LogUndefined indicates an undefined Logger type.
+LogUndefined bitmask.MaskBit = 0
 const (
-	// LogUndefined indicates an undefined Logger type.
-	LogUndefined bitmask.MaskBit = 1 << iota
 	// LogWinLogger indicates a WinLogger Logger type (Event Log).
-	LogWinLogger
+	LogWinLogger bitmask.MaskBit= 1 << iota
 	// LogFile flags a FileLogger Logger type.
 	LogFile
 	// LogStdout flags a StdLogger Logger type.

logging/doc.go

@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ These particular loggers (logging.Logger) available are:
 	StdLogger
 	FileLogger
 	SystemDLogger (Linux only)
-	SyslogLogger (Linux only)
+	SyslogLogger (Linux/macOS/other *NIX-like only)
 	WinLogger (Windows only)
 
 There is a seventh type of logging.Logger, MultiLogger, that allows for multiple loggers to be written to with a single call.
-As you may have guessed, NullLogger doesn't actually log anything but is fully "functional" as a logging.Logger.
+(This is similar to stdlib's io.MultiWriter()'s return value, but with priority awareness and fmt string support).
 
-Note that for some Loggers, the prefix may be modified - "literal" loggers (StdLogger and FileLogger) will append a space to the end of the prefix.
+As you may have guessed, NullLogger doesn't actually log anything but is fully "functional" as a logging.Logger (similar to io.discard/io.Discard()'s return).
+
+Note that for some Loggers, the prefix may be modified after the Logger has already initialized.
+"Literal" loggers (StdLogger and FileLogger) will append a space to the end of the prefix by default.
 If this is undesired (unlikely), you will need to modify (Logger).Prefix and run (Logger).Logger.SetPrefix(yourPrefixHere) for the respective logger.
 
 Every logging.Logger type has the following methods that correspond to certain "levels".
@@ -45,5 +48,17 @@ logging.Logger types also have the following methods:
 
 In some cases, Logger.Setup and Logger.Shutdown are no-ops. In other cases, they perform necessary initialization/cleanup and closing of the logger.
 It is recommended to *always* run Setup and Shutdown before and after using, respectively, regardless of the actual logging.Logger type.
+
+Lastly, all logging.Loggers have a ToLogger() method. This returns a *log.Logger (from stdlib log), which also conforms to io.Writer inherently.
+In addition. all have a ToRaw() method, which extends a Logger even further and returns an unexported type (*logging.logWriter) compatible with:
+
+  - io.ByteWriter
+  - io.Writer
+  - io.WriteCloser (Shutdown() on the Logger backend is called during Close(), rendering the underlying Logger unsafe to use afterwards)
+  - io.StringWriter
+
+and, if stdlib io ever defines an e.g. RuneWriter (WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error)), it will conform to that too (see (r00t2.io/goutils/iox).RuneWriter).
+Obviously this and io.ByteWriter are fairly silly, as they're intended to be high-speed throughput-optimized methods, but if you wanted to e.g.
+log every single byte on a wire as a separate log message, go ahead; I'm not your dad.
 */
 package logging

logging/errs.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
-	`errors`
+	"errors"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ var (
 		exists with too restrictive perms to write/append to, and/or could not be created.
 	*/
 	ErrInvalidFile error = errors.New("a FileLogger was requested but the file does not exist and cannot be created")
+	// ErrInvalidRune is returned if a rune was expected but it is not a valid UTF-8 codepoint.
+	ErrInvalidRune error = errors.New("specified rune is not valid UTF-8 codepoint")
 	// ErrNoEntry indicates that the user attempted to MultiLogger.RemoveLogger a Logger but one by that identifier does not exist.
 	ErrNoEntry error = errors.New("the Logger specified to be removed does not exist")
 )

logging/errs_linux.go

@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
-	`errors`
+	"errors"
-	`fmt`
 )
 
 var (
 	// ErrNoSysD indicates that the user attempted to add a SystemDLogger to a MultiLogger but systemd is unavailable.
 	ErrNoSysD error = errors.New("a systemd (journald) Logger was requested but systemd is unavailable on this system")
-	// ErrNoSyslog indicates that the user attempted to add a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger but syslog's logger device is unavailable.
-	ErrNoSyslog error = errors.New("a Syslog Logger was requested but Syslog is unavailable on this system")
-	/*
-		ErrInvalidDevLog indicates that the user attempted to add a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger but
-		the Syslog char device file is... not actually a char device file.
-	*/
-	ErrInvalidDevLog error = errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("a Syslog Logger was requested but %v is not a valid logger handle", devlog))
 )

logging/errs_nix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrNoSyslog indicates that the user attempted to add a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger but syslog's logger device is unavailable.
+	ErrNoSyslog error = errors.New("a Syslog Logger was requested but Syslog is unavailable on this system")
+	/*
+		ErrInvalidDevLog indicates that the user attempted to add a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger but
+		the Syslog char device file is... not actually a char device file.
+	*/
+	ErrInvalidDevLog error = errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("a Syslog Logger was requested but %v is not a valid logger handle", devlog))
+)

logging/funcs.go

@@ -1,9 +1,33 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
+	"log"
 	"os"
 )
 
+/*
+ToLog returns a stdlib *log.Logger from a logging.Logger. It simply wraps the (logging.Logger).ToLogger() methods.
+
+prio is an OR'd logPrio of the Priority* constants.
+*/
+func ToLog(l Logger, prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
+
+	stdLibLog = l.ToLogger(prio)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter from a logging.Logger. It is an alternative to the (logging.Logger).ToRaw() methods.
+func ToRaw(l Logger, prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{
+		backend: l,
+		prio:    prio,
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
 // testOpen attempts to open a file for writing to test for suitability as a LogFile path.
 func testOpen(path string) (success bool, err error) {
 

logging/funcs_file.go

@@ -223,7 +223,15 @@ func (l *FileLogger) Warning(s string, v ...interface{}) (err error) {
 // ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
 func (l *FileLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}, "", 0)
+	stdLibLog = log.New(l.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (l *FileLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
 
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_linux.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	`os`
 	`path`
 
-	sysd `github.com/coreos/go-systemd/journal`
+	sysd `github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22/journal`
 	`r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask`
 	`r00t2.io/sysutils/paths`
 )

logging/funcs_logprio.go

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ func (l *logPrio) HasFlag(prio logPrio) (hasFlag bool) {
 	m = bitmask.NewMaskBitExplicit(uint(*l))
 	p = bitmask.NewMaskBitExplicit(uint(prio))
 
-	hasFlag = m.HasFlag(*p)
+	// Use IsOneOf instead in case PriorityAll is passed for prio.
+	// hasFlag = m.HasFlag(*p)
+	hasFlag = m.IsOneOf(*p)
 
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_logwriter.go

@@ -1,10 +1,34 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
-	`r00t2.io/goutils/multierr`
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"r00t2.io/goutils/multierr"
 )
 
-// Write writes bytes b to the underlying Logger's priority level if the logWriter's priority level(s) match.
+/*
+Close calls Logger.Shutdown() on the underlying Logger.
+The Logger *must not be used* after this; it will need to be re-initialized with Logger.Setup()
+or a new Logger (and thuse new logWriter) must be created to replace it.
+
+It (along with logWriter.Write()) conforms to WriteCloser().
+*/
+func (l *logWriter) Close() (err error) {
+
+	if err = l.backend.Shutdown(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+Write writes bytes b to the underlying Logger's priority level if the logWriter's priority level(s) match.
+It conforms to io.Writer. n will *always* == len(b) on success, because otherwise n would technically be >= len(b)
+(if multiple priorities are enabled), which is undefined behavior per io.Writer.
+
+b is converted to a string to normalize to the underlying Logger.
+*/
 func (l *logWriter) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	var s string
@@ -16,6 +40,8 @@ func (l *logWriter) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	s = string(b)
 
+	// Since this explicitly checks each priority level, there's no need for IsOneOf in case of PriorityAll.
+
 	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityEmergency) {
 		if err = l.backend.Emerg(s); err != nil {
 			mErr.AddError(err)
@@ -70,5 +96,116 @@ func (l *logWriter) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	n = len(b)
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+WriteByte conforms a logWriter to an io.ByteWriter. (It just wraps logWriter.Write().)
+You should probably never use this; the logging overhead/prefix is going to be more data than the single byte itself.
+
+c is converted to a string to normalize to the underlying Logger.
+*/
+func (l *logWriter) WriteByte(c byte) (err error) {
+
+	if _, err = l.Write([]byte{c}); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+WriteRune follows the same signature of (bytes.Buffer).WriteRune() and (bufio.Writer).WriteRune(); thus if `io` ever defines an io.RuneWriter interface, here ya go.
+
+n will *always* be equal to (unicode/utf8).RuneLen(r), unless r is an "invalid rune" -- in which case n will be 0 and err will be ErrInvalidRune..
+*/
+func (l *logWriter) WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error) {
+
+	var b []byte
+
+	n = utf8.RuneLen(r)
+	if n < 0 {
+		err = ErrInvalidRune
+		n = 0
+		return
+	}
+
+	b = make([]byte, n)
+	utf8.EncodeRune(b, r)
+
+	if n, err = l.Write(b); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+WriteString writes string s to the underlying Logger's priority level if the logWriter's priority level(s) match.
+It conforms to io.StringWriter. n will *always* == len(s) on success, because otherwise n would technically be >= len(s)
+(if multiple priorities are enabled), which is undefined behavior per io.StringWriter.
+*/
+func (l *logWriter) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
+
+	var mErr *multierr.MultiError = multierr.NewMultiError(nil)
+
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityEmergency) {
+		if err = l.backend.Emerg(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityAlert) {
+		if err = l.backend.Alert(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityCritical) {
+		if err = l.backend.Crit(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityError) {
+		if err = l.backend.Err(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityWarning) {
+		if err = l.backend.Warning(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityNotice) {
+		if err = l.backend.Notice(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityInformational) {
+		if err = l.backend.Info(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if l.prio.HasFlag(PriorityDebug) {
+		if err = l.backend.Debug(s); err != nil {
+			mErr.AddError(err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !mErr.IsEmpty() {
+		err = mErr
+		return
+	}
+
+	n = len(s)
+
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_multilogger.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package logging
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	`log`
+	"log"
 	"sync"
 
 	"r00t2.io/goutils/multierr"
@@ -375,7 +375,15 @@ func (m *MultiLogger) Warning(s string, v ...interface{}) (err error) {
 // ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
 func (m *MultiLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: m, prio: prio}, "", 0)
+	stdLibLog = log.New(m.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (m *MultiLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: m, prio: prio}
 
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_multilogger_mgr_linux.go

@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
-	`os`
+	sysd "github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22/journal"
-
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	sysd `github.com/coreos/go-systemd/journal`
-	`github.com/google/uuid`
-	`r00t2.io/sysutils/paths`
 )
 
 /*
-	AddDefaultLogger adds a default Logger (as would be determined by GetLogger) to a MultiLogger.
+AddDefaultLogger adds a default Logger (as would be determined by GetLogger) to a MultiLogger.
 
-	identifier is a string to use to identify the added Logger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
+identifier is a string to use to identify the added Logger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
-	If empty, one will be automatically generated.
+If empty, one will be automatically generated.
 
-	See the documentation for GetLogger for details on other arguments.
+See the documentation for GetLogger for details on other arguments.
 */
 func (m *MultiLogger) AddDefaultLogger(identifier string, logFlags int, logPaths ...string) (err error) {
 
@@ -40,10 +37,10 @@ func (m *MultiLogger) AddDefaultLogger(identifier string, logFlags int, logPaths
 }
 
 /*
-	AddSysdLogger adds a SystemDLogger to a MultiLogger.
+AddSysdLogger adds a SystemDLogger to a MultiLogger.
 
-	identifier is a string to use to identify the added SystemDLogger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
+identifier is a string to use to identify the added SystemDLogger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
-	If empty, one will be automatically generated.
+If empty, one will be automatically generated.
 */
 func (m *MultiLogger) AddSysdLogger(identifier string) (err error) {
 
@@ -80,55 +77,3 @@ func (m *MultiLogger) AddSysdLogger(identifier string) (err error) {
 
 	return
 }
-
-/*
-	AddSyslogLogger adds a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger.
-
-	identifier is a string to use to identify the added SyslogLogger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
-	If empty, one will be automatically generated.
-*/
-func (m *MultiLogger) AddSyslogLogger(identifier string) (err error) {
-
-	var exists bool
-	var hasSyslog bool
-	var stat os.FileInfo
-	var devlogPath string = devlog
-	var prefix string
-
-	if identifier == "" {
-		identifier = uuid.New().String()
-	}
-
-	if _, exists = m.Loggers[identifier]; exists {
-		err = ErrExistingLogger
-		return
-	}
-
-	if hasSyslog, stat, err = paths.RealPathExistsStat(&devlogPath); hasSyslog && err != nil {
-		return
-	} else if !hasSyslog {
-		err = ErrNoSyslog
-		return
-	}
-
-	if stat.Mode().IsRegular() {
-		err = ErrInvalidDevLog
-		return
-	}
-
-	m.Loggers[identifier] = &SyslogLogger{
-		EnableDebug: m.EnableDebug,
-		Prefix:      m.Prefix,
-	}
-	if err = m.Loggers[identifier].Setup(); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	if prefix, err = m.Loggers[identifier].GetPrefix(); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	m.Loggers[identifier].Debug("logger initialized of type %T with prefix %v", m.Loggers[identifier], prefix)
-
-	return
-}

logging/funcs_multilogger_mgr_nix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"r00t2.io/sysutils/paths"
+)
+
+/*
+AddSyslogLogger adds a SyslogLogger to a MultiLogger.
+
+identifier is a string to use to identify the added SyslogLogger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
+If empty, one will be automatically generated.
+*/
+func (m *MultiLogger) AddSyslogLogger(identifier string) (err error) {
+
+	var exists bool
+	var hasSyslog bool
+	var stat os.FileInfo
+	var devlogPath string = devlog
+	var prefix string
+
+	if identifier == "" {
+		identifier = uuid.New().String()
+	}
+
+	if _, exists = m.Loggers[identifier]; exists {
+		err = ErrExistingLogger
+		return
+	}
+
+	if hasSyslog, stat, err = paths.RealPathExistsStat(&devlogPath); hasSyslog && err != nil {
+		return
+	} else if !hasSyslog {
+		err = ErrNoSyslog
+		return
+	}
+
+	if stat.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		err = ErrInvalidDevLog
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.Loggers[identifier] = &SyslogLogger{
+		EnableDebug: m.EnableDebug,
+		Prefix:      m.Prefix,
+	}
+	if err = m.Loggers[identifier].Setup(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if prefix, err = m.Loggers[identifier].GetPrefix(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.Loggers[identifier].Debug("logger initialized of type %T with prefix %v", m.Loggers[identifier], prefix)
+
+	return
+}

logging/funcs_multilogger_mgr_oldnix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios || linux)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios,!linux
+
+// Linux is excluded because it has its own.
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+/*
+AddDefaultLogger adds a default Logger (as would be determined by GetLogger) to a MultiLogger.
+
+identifier is a string to use to identify the added Logger in MultiLogger.Loggers.
+If empty, one will be automatically generated.
+
+See the documentation for GetLogger for details on other arguments.
+*/
+func (m *MultiLogger) AddDefaultLogger(identifier string, logFlags int, logPaths ...string) (err error) {
+
+	var l Logger
+	var exists bool
+
+	if identifier == "" {
+		identifier = uuid.New().String()
+	}
+
+	if _, exists = m.Loggers[identifier]; exists {
+		err = ErrExistingLogger
+		return
+	}
+
+	if l, err = GetLogger(m.EnableDebug, m.Prefix, logFlags, logPaths...); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.Loggers[identifier] = l
+
+	return
+}

logging/funcs_nulllogger.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
-	`log`
+	"log"
 )
 
 // Setup does nothing at all; it's here for interface compat. 🙃
@@ -84,3 +84,11 @@ func (l *NullLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
 	return
 }
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter. (This is a little less efficient than using ToLogger's log.Logger as an io.Writer if that's all you need.)
+func (l *NullLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
+
+	return
+}

logging/funcs_nullwriter.go

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 package logging
 
-// nulLWriter writes... nothing. To avoid errors, however, in downstream code it pretends it does (n will *always* == len(b)).
+import (
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+// Close conforms a nullWriter to an io.WriteCloser. It obviously does nothing, and will always return with err == nil.
+func (nw *nullWriter) Close() (err error) {
+
+	// NO-OP
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Write conforms a nullWriter to an io.Writer, but it writes... nothing. To avoid errors, however, in downstream code it pretends it does (n will *always* == len(b)).
 func (nw *nullWriter) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	if b == nil {
@@ -10,3 +22,37 @@ func (nw *nullWriter) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	return
 }
+
+// WriteByte conforms to an io.ByteWriter but again... nothing is actually written anywhere.
+func (nw *nullWriter) WriteByte(c byte) (err error) {
+
+	// NO-OP
+
+	_ = c
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+WriteRune conforms to the other Loggers. It WILL return the proper value for n (matching (bytes.Buffer).WriteRune() and (bufio.Writer).WriteRune() signatures,
+and it WILL return an ErrInvalidRune if r is not a valid rune, but otherwise it will no-op.
+*/
+func (nw *nullWriter) WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error) {
+
+	n = utf8.RuneLen(r)
+	if n < 0 {
+		err = ErrInvalidRune
+		n = 0
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// WriteString conforms to an io.StringWriter but nothing is actually written. (n will *always* == len(s))
+func (nw *nullWriter) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
+
+	n = len(s)
+
+	return
+}

logging/funcs_oldnix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios || linux)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios,!linux
+
+// Linux is excluded because it has its own.
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	native "log"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+
+	"r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask"
+	"r00t2.io/sysutils/paths"
+)
+
+var (
+	_ = native.Logger{}
+	_ = os.Interrupt
+)
+
+/*
+GetLogger returns an instance of Logger that best suits your system's capabilities.
+
+If enableDebug is true, debug messages (which according to your program may or may not contain sensitive data) are rendered and written.
+
+If prefix is "\x00" (a null byte), then the default logging prefix will be used. If anything else, even an empty string,
+is specified then that will be used instead for the prefix.
+
+logConfigFlags is the corresponding flag(s) OR'd for StdLogger.LogFlags / FileLogger.StdLogger.LogFlags if either is selected. See StdLogger.LogFlags and
+https://pkg.go.dev/log#pkg-constants for details.
+
+logPaths is an (optional) list of strings to use as paths to test for writing. If the file can be created/written to,
+it will be used (assuming you have no higher-level loggers available). Only the first logPaths entry that "works" will be used, later entries will be ignored.
+If you want to log to multiple files simultaneously, use a MultiLogger instead.
+
+If you call GetLogger, you will only get a single ("best") logger your system supports.
+If you want to log to multiple Logger destinations at once (or want to log to an explicit Logger type),
+use GetMultiLogger.
+*/
+func GetLogger(enableDebug bool, prefix string, logConfigFlags int, logPaths ...string) (logger Logger, err error) {
+
+	var logPath string
+	var logFlags bitmask.MaskBit
+	var currentPrefix string
+
+	// Configure system-supported logger(s).
+
+	// If we can detect syslog, use that. If not, try to use a file logger (+ stdout).
+	// Last ditch, stdout.
+	var hasSyslog bool
+	var stat os.FileInfo
+	var devlogPath string = devlog
+
+	if hasSyslog, stat, err = paths.RealPathExistsStat(&devlogPath); hasSyslog && err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if hasSyslog && !stat.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		logFlags.AddFlag(LogSyslog)
+	} else {
+		var exists bool
+		var success bool
+		var ckLogPaths []string
+
+		logFlags.AddFlag(LogStdout)
+		ckLogPaths = defLogPaths
+		if logPaths != nil {
+			ckLogPaths = logPaths
+		}
+		for _, p := range ckLogPaths {
+			if exists, _ = paths.RealPathExists(&p); exists {
+				if success, err = testOpen(p); err != nil {
+					continue
+				} else if !success {
+					continue
+				}
+				logFlags.AddFlag(LogFile)
+				logPath = p
+				break
+			} else {
+				dirPath := path.Dir(p)
+				if err = paths.MakeDirIfNotExist(dirPath); err != nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				if success, err = testOpen(p); err != nil {
+					continue
+				} else if !success {
+					continue
+				}
+				logFlags.AddFlag(LogFile)
+				logPath = p
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if logFlags.HasFlag(LogSyslog) {
+		logger = &SyslogLogger{
+			Prefix:      logPrefix,
+			EnableDebug: enableDebug,
+		}
+	} else {
+		if logFlags.HasFlag(LogFile) {
+			logger = &FileLogger{
+				StdLogger: StdLogger{
+					Prefix:      logPrefix,
+					EnableDebug: enableDebug,
+					LogFlags:    logConfigFlags,
+				},
+				Path: logPath,
+			}
+		} else {
+			logger = &StdLogger{
+				Prefix:      logPrefix,
+				EnableDebug: enableDebug,
+				LogFlags:    logConfigFlags,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if prefix != "\x00" {
+		if err = logger.SetPrefix(prefix); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if err = logger.Setup(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if currentPrefix, err = logger.GetPrefix(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("logger initialized of type %T with prefix %v", logger, currentPrefix)
+
+	return
+}

logging/funcs_std.go

@@ -235,6 +235,22 @@ func (l *StdLogger) Warning(s string, v ...interface{}) (err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+// ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
+func (l *StdLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
+
+	stdLibLog = log.New(l.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (l *StdLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
+
+	return
+}
+
 // renderWrite prepares/formats a log message to be written to this StdLogger.
 func (l *StdLogger) renderWrite(msg, prio string) {
 
@@ -244,11 +260,3 @@ func (l *StdLogger) renderWrite(msg, prio string) {
 
 	return
 }
-
-// ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
-func (l *StdLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
-
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}, "", 0)
-
-	return
-}

logging/funcs_sysd_linux.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 
-	"github.com/coreos/go-systemd/journal"
+	"github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22/journal"
 )
 
 /*
@@ -227,7 +227,15 @@ func (l *SystemDLogger) renderWrite(msg string, prio journal.Priority) {
 // ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
 func (l *SystemDLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}, "", 0)
+	stdLibLog = log.New(l.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (l *SystemDLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
 
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_syslog_nix.go

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios
+
 package logging
 
 import (
@@ -270,7 +273,15 @@ func (l *SyslogLogger) Warning(s string, v ...interface{}) (err error) {
 // ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
 func (l *SyslogLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}, "", 0)
+	stdLibLog = log.New(l.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (l *SyslogLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
 
 	return
 }

logging/funcs_winlogger_windows.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package logging
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	`log`
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"syscall"
@@ -347,7 +347,15 @@ func (l *WinLogger) Warning(s string, v ...interface{}) (err error) {
 // ToLogger returns a stdlib log.Logger.
 func (l *WinLogger) ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger) {
 
-	stdLibLog = log.New(&logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}, "", 0)
+	stdLibLog = log.New(l.ToRaw(prio), "", 0)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// ToRaw returns a *logWriter.
+func (l *WinLogger) ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter) {
+
+	raw = &logWriter{backend: l, prio: prio}
 
 	return
 }

logging/types.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 
-	`r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask`
+	"r00t2.io/goutils/bitmask"
 )
 
 type logPrio bitmask.MaskBit
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ type Logger interface {
 	Setup() (err error)
 	Shutdown() (err error)
 	ToLogger(prio logPrio) (stdLibLog *log.Logger)
+	ToRaw(prio logPrio) (raw *logWriter)
 }
 
 /*

logging/types_linux.go

@@ -1,27 +1,9 @@
 package logging
 
-import (
-	`log/syslog`
-)
-
 /*
-	SystemDLogger (yes, I'm aware it's actually written as "systemd") writes to journald on systemd-enabled systems.
+SystemDLogger (yes, I'm aware it's actually written as "systemd") writes to journald on systemd-enabled systems.
 */
 type SystemDLogger struct {
 	EnableDebug bool
 	Prefix      string
 }
-
-// SyslogLogger writes to syslog on syslog-enabled systems.
-type SyslogLogger struct {
-	EnableDebug bool
-	Prefix      string
-	alert,
-	crit,
-	debug,
-	emerg,
-	err,
-	info,
-	notice,
-	warning *syslog.Writer
-}

logging/types_nix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build !(windows || plan9 || wasip1 || js || ios)
+// +build !windows,!plan9,!wasip1,!js,!ios
+
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"log/syslog"
+)
+
+// SyslogLogger writes to syslog on syslog-enabled systems.
+type SyslogLogger struct {
+	EnableDebug bool
+	Prefix      string
+	alert,
+	crit,
+	debug,
+	emerg,
+	err,
+	info,
+	notice,
+	warning *syslog.Writer
+}

multierr/funcs.go

@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ func (e *MultiError) Error() (errStr string) {
 		numErrs = len(e.Errors)
 	}
 
+	e.lock.Lock()
+	defer e.lock.Unlock()
+
 	for idx, err := range e.Errors {
 		if (idx + 1) < numErrs {
 			errStr += fmt.Sprintf("%v%v", err.Error(), e.ErrorSep)
@@ -87,6 +90,9 @@ func (e *MultiError) AddError(err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	e.lock.Lock()
+	defer e.lock.Unlock()
+
 	e.Errors = append(e.Errors, err)
 
 }

multierr/types.go

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 package multierr
 
+import (
+	`sync`
+)
+
 // MultiError is a type of error.Error that can contain multiple errors.
 type MultiError struct {
 	// Errors is a slice of errors to combine/concatenate when .Error() is called.
 	Errors []error `json:"errors"`
 	// ErrorSep is a string to use to separate errors for .Error(). The default is "\n".
 	ErrorSep string `json:"separator"`
+	lock sync.Mutex
 }

remap/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*
+Package remap provides convenience functions around regular expressions, primarily offering maps for named capture groups.
+*/
+package remap

remap/funcs_remap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+package remap
+
+/*
+Map returns a map[string][]<match bytes> for regexes with named capture groups matched in bytes b.
+Note that this supports non-unique group names; [regexp.Regexp] allows for patterns with multiple groups
+using the same group name (though your IDE might complain; I know GoLand does).
+
+Each match for each group is in a slice keyed under that group name, with that slice
+ordered by the indexing done by the regex match itself.
+
+In summary, the parameters are as follows:
+
+# inclNoMatch
+
+If true, then attempt to return a non-nil matches (as long as b isn't nil).
+Group keys will be populated and explicitly defined as nil.
+
+For example, if a pattern
+
+	^(?P<g1>foo)(?P<g1>bar)(?P<g2>baz)$
+
+is provided but b does not match then matches will be:
+
+	map[string][][]byte{
+		"g1": nil,
+		"g2": nil,
+	}
+
+# inclNoMatchStrict
+
+If true (and inclNoMatch is true), instead of a single nil the group's values will be
+a slice of nil values explicitly matching the number of times the group name is specified
+in the pattern.
+
+For example, if a pattern:
+
+	^(?P<g1>foo)(?P<g1>bar)(?P<g2>baz)$
+
+is provided but b does not match then matches will be:
+
+	map[string][][]byte{
+		"g1": [][]byte{
+			nil,
+			nil,
+		},
+		"g2": [][]byte{
+			nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+# mustMatch
+
+If true, matches will be nil if the entirety of b does not match the pattern (and thus
+no capture groups matched) (overrides inclNoMatch) -- explicitly:
+
+	matches == nil
+
+Otherwise if false (and assuming inclNoMatch is false), matches will be:
+
+	map[string][][]byte{}{}
+
+# Condition Tree
+
+In detail, matches and/or its values may be nil or empty under the following condition tree:
+
+	IF b is nil:
+		THEN matches will always be nil
+	ELSE:
+		IF all of b does not match pattern
+			IF mustMuch is true
+				THEN matches == nil
+			ELSE
+				THEN matches == map[string][][]byte{} (non-nil but empty)
+		ELSE IF pattern has no named capture groups
+			IF inclNoMatch is true
+				THEN matches == map[string][][]byte{} (non-nil but empty)
+			ELSE
+				THEN matches == nil
+		ELSE
+			IF there are no named group matches
+				IF inclNoMatch is true
+					THEN matches is non-nil; matches[<group name>, ...] is/are defined but nil (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == true)
+				ELSE
+					THEN matches == nil
+			ELSE
+				IF <group name> does not have a match
+					IF inclNoMatch is true
+						IF inclNoMatchStrict is true
+							THEN matches[<group name>] is defined and non-nil, but populated with placeholder nils
+								(matches[<group name>] == [][]byte{nil[, nil...]})
+						ELSE
+							THEN matches[<group name>] is guaranteed defined but may be nil (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == true)
+					ELSE
+						THEN matches[<group name>] is not defined (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == false)
+				ELSE
+					matches[<group name>] == []{<match>[, <match>...]}
+*/
+func (r *ReMap) Map(b []byte, inclNoMatch, inclNoMatchStrict, mustMatch bool) (matches map[string][][]byte) {
+
+	var ok bool
+	var mIdx int
+	var match []byte
+	var grpNm string
+	var names []string
+	var matchBytes [][]byte
+	var tmpMap map[string][][]byte = make(map[string][][]byte)
+
+	if b == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	names = r.Regexp.SubexpNames()
+	matchBytes = r.Regexp.FindSubmatch(b)
+
+	if matchBytes == nil {
+		// b does not match pattern
+		if !mustMatch {
+			matches = make(map[string][][]byte)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if names == nil || len(names) == 0 || len(names) == 1 {
+		/*
+			no named capture groups;
+			technically only the last condition would be the case.
+		*/
+		if inclNoMatch {
+			matches = make(map[string][][]byte)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	names = names[1:]
+
+	if len(matchBytes) == 0 || len(matchBytes) == 1 {
+		/*
+			no submatches whatsoever.
+			*Technically* I don't think this condition can actually be reached.
+			This is more of a safe-return before we re-slice.
+		*/
+		matches = make(map[string][][]byte)
+		if inclNoMatch {
+			if len(names) >= 1 {
+				for _, grpNm = range names {
+					matches[grpNm] = nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	matchBytes = matchBytes[1:]
+
+	for mIdx, match = range matchBytes {
+		grpNm = names[mIdx]
+		/*
+			Thankfully, it's actually a build error if a pattern specifies a named
+			capture group with an empty name.
+			So we don't need to worry about accounting for that,
+			and can just skip over grpNm == "" (which is an *unnamed* capture group).
+		*/
+		if grpNm == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if match == nil {
+			// group did not match
+			if !inclNoMatch {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+				if !inclNoMatchStrict {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = nil
+				} else {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = [][]byte{nil}
+				}
+			} else {
+				if inclNoMatchStrict {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = append(tmpMap[grpNm], nil)
+				}
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+			tmpMap[grpNm] = make([][]byte, 0)
+		}
+		tmpMap[grpNm] = append(tmpMap[grpNm], match)
+	}
+
+	// This *technically* should be completely handled above.
+	if inclNoMatch {
+		for _, grpNm = range names {
+			if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+				tmpMap[grpNm] = nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(tmpMap) > 0 {
+		matches = tmpMap
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+/*
+MapString is exactly like ReMap.Map(), but operates on (and returns) strings instead.
+(matches will always be nil if s == “.)
+
+A small deviation, though; empty strings instead of nils (because duh) will occupy slice placeholders (if `inclNoMatchStrict` is specified).
+This unfortunately *does not provide any indication* if an empty string positively matched the pattern (a "hit") or if it was simply
+not matched at all (a "miss"). If you need definitive determination between the two conditions, it is instead recommended to either
+*not* use inclNoMatchStrict or to use ReMap.Map() instead and convert any non-nil values to strings after.
+
+Particularly:
+
+# inclNoMatch
+
+If true, then attempt to return a non-nil matches (as long as s isn't empty).
+Group keys will be populated and explicitly defined as nil.
+
+For example, if a pattern
+
+	^(?P<g1>foo)(?P<g1>bar)(?P<g2>baz)$
+
+is provided but s does not match then matches will be:
+
+	map[string][]string{
+		"g1": nil,
+		"g2": nil,
+	}
+
+# inclNoMatchStrict
+
+If true (and inclNoMatch is true), instead of a single nil the group's values will be
+a slice of eempty string values explicitly matching the number of times the group name is specified
+in the pattern.
+
+For example, if a pattern:
+
+	^(?P<g1>foo)(?P<g1>bar)(?P<g2>baz)$
+
+is provided but s does not match then matches will be:
+
+	map[string][]string{
+		"g1": []string{
+			"",
+			"",
+		},
+		"g2": []string{
+			"",
+		},
+	}
+
+# mustMatch
+
+If true, matches will be nil if the entirety of s does not match the pattern (and thus
+no capture groups matched) (overrides inclNoMatch) -- explicitly:
+
+	matches == nil
+
+Otherwise if false (and assuming inclNoMatch is false), matches will be:
+
+	map[string][]string{}{}
+
+# Condition Tree
+
+In detail, matches and/or its values may be nil or empty under the following condition tree:
+
+	IF s is empty:
+		THEN matches will always be nil
+	ELSE:
+		IF all of s does not match pattern
+			IF mustMuch is true
+				THEN matches == nil
+			ELSE
+				THEN matches == map[string][]string{} (non-nil but empty)
+		ELSE IF pattern has no named capture groups
+			IF inclNoMatch is true
+				THEN matches == map[string][]string{} (non-nil but empty)
+			ELSE
+				THEN matches == nil
+		ELSE
+			IF there are no named group matches
+				IF inclNoMatch is true
+					THEN matches is non-nil; matches[<group name>, ...] is/are defined but nil (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == true)
+				ELSE
+					THEN matches == nil
+			ELSE
+				IF <group name> does not have a match
+					IF inclNoMatch is true
+						IF inclNoMatchStrict is true
+							THEN matches[<group name>] is defined and non-nil, but populated with placeholder nils
+								(matches[<group name>] == []string{""[, ""...]})
+						ELSE
+							THEN matches[<group name>] is guaranteed defined but may be nil (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == true)
+					ELSE
+						THEN matches[<group name>] is not defined (_, ok = matches[<group name>]; ok == false)
+				ELSE
+					matches[<group name>] == []{<match>[, <match>...]}
+*/
+func (r *ReMap) MapString(s string, inclNoMatch, inclNoMatchStrict, mustMatch bool) (matches map[string][]string) {
+
+	var ok bool
+	var endIdx int
+	var startIdx int
+	var chunkIdx int
+	var grpNm string
+	var names []string
+	var matchStr string
+	/*
+		A slice of indices or index pairs.
+		For each element `e` in idxChunks,
+		* if `e` is nil, no group match.
+		* if len(e) == 1, only a single character was matched.
+		* otherwise len(e) == 2, the start and end of the match.
+	*/
+	var idxChunks [][]int
+	var matchIndices []int
+	var chunkIndices []int // always 2 elements; start pos and end pos
+	var tmpMap map[string][]string = make(map[string][]string)
+
+	/*
+		OK so this is a bit of a deviation.
+
+		It's not as straightforward as above, because there isn't an explicit way
+		like above to determine if a pattern was *matched as an empty string* vs.
+		*not matched*.
+
+		So instead do roundabout index-y things.
+	*/
+
+	if s == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	/*
+		I'm not entirely sure how serious they are about "the slice should not be modified"...
+
+		DO NOT sort or dedupe `names`! If the same name for groups is duplicated,
+		it will be duplicated here in proper order and the ordering is tied to
+		the ordering of matchIndices.
+	*/
+	names = r.Regexp.SubexpNames()[:]
+	matchIndices = r.Regexp.FindStringSubmatchIndex(s)
+
+	if matchIndices == nil {
+		// s does not match pattern at all.
+		if !mustMatch {
+			matches = make(map[string][]string)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if names == nil || len(names) <= 1 {
+		/*
+			No named capture groups;
+			technically only the last condition would be the case,
+			as (regexp.Regexp).SubexpNames() will ALWAYS at the LEAST
+			return a `[]string{""}`.
+		*/
+		if inclNoMatch {
+			matches = make(map[string][]string)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(matchIndices) == 0 || len(matchIndices) == 1 {
+		/*
+			No (sub)matches whatsoever.
+			*technically* I don't think this condition can actually be reached;
+			matchIndices should ALWAYS either be `nil` or len will be at LEAST 2,
+			and modulo 2 thereafter since they're PAIRS of indices...
+			Why they didn't just return a [][]int or [][2]int or something
+			instead of an []int, who knows.
+			But we're correcting that poor design.
+			This is more of a safe-return before we chunk the indices.
+		*/
+		matches = make(map[string][]string)
+		if inclNoMatch {
+			for _, grpNm = range names {
+				if grpNm != "" {
+					matches[grpNm] = nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	/*
+		A reslice of `matchIndices` could technically start at 2 (as long as `names` is sliced [1:])
+		because they're in pairs: []int{<start>, <end>, <start>, <end>, ...}
+		and the first pair is the entire pattern match (un-resliced names[0]).
+		Thus the len(matchIndices) == 2*len(names), *even* if you
+		Keep in mind that since the first element of names is removed,
+		the first pair here is skipped.
+		This provides a bit more consistent readability, though.
+	*/
+	idxChunks = make([][]int, len(names))
+	chunkIdx = 0
+	endIdx = 0
+	for startIdx = 0; endIdx < len(matchIndices); startIdx += 2 {
+		endIdx = startIdx + 2
+		// This technically should never happen.
+		if endIdx > len(matchIndices) {
+			endIdx = len(matchIndices)
+		}
+
+		chunkIndices = matchIndices[startIdx:endIdx]
+
+		if chunkIndices[0] == -1 || chunkIndices[1] == -1 {
+			// group did not match
+			chunkIndices = nil
+		} else {
+			if chunkIndices[0] == chunkIndices[1] {
+				chunkIndices = []int{chunkIndices[0]}
+			} else {
+				chunkIndices = matchIndices[startIdx:endIdx]
+			}
+		}
+		idxChunks[chunkIdx] = chunkIndices
+		chunkIdx++
+	}
+
+	// Now associate with names and pull the string sequence.
+	for chunkIdx, chunkIndices = range idxChunks {
+		grpNm = names[chunkIdx]
+		/*
+			Thankfully, it's actually a build error if a pattern specifies a named
+			capture group with an empty name.
+			So we don't need to worry about accounting for that,
+			and can just skip over grpNm == ""
+			(which is either an *unnamed* capture group
+			OR the first element in `names`, which is always
+			the entire match).
+		*/
+		if grpNm == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if chunkIndices == nil || len(chunkIndices) == 0 {
+			// group did not match
+			if !inclNoMatch {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+				if !inclNoMatchStrict {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = nil
+				} else {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = []string{""}
+				}
+			} else {
+				if inclNoMatchStrict {
+					tmpMap[grpNm] = append(tmpMap[grpNm], "")
+				}
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch len(chunkIndices) {
+		case 1:
+			// Single character
+			matchStr = string(s[chunkIndices[0]])
+		case 2:
+			// Multiple characters
+			matchStr = s[chunkIndices[0]:chunkIndices[1]]
+		}
+
+		if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+			tmpMap[grpNm] = make([]string, 0)
+		}
+		tmpMap[grpNm] = append(tmpMap[grpNm], matchStr)
+	}
+
+	// This *technically* should be completely handled above.
+	if inclNoMatch {
+		for _, grpNm = range names {
+			if _, ok = tmpMap[grpNm]; !ok {
+				tmpMap[grpNm] = nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(tmpMap) > 0 {
+		matches = tmpMap
+	}
+
+	return
+}

remap/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package remap
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+)
+
+type (
+	// ReMap provides some map-related functions around a regexp.Regexp.
+	ReMap struct {
+		*regexp.Regexp
+	}
+
+	// TODO?
+	/*
+		ExplicitStringMatch is used with ReMap.MapStringExplicit to indicate if a
+		capture group result is a hit (a group matched, but e.g. the match value is empty string)
+		or not (a group did not match).
+	*/
+	/*
+		ExplicitStringMatch struct {
+			Group   string
+			IsMatch bool
+			Value   string
+		}
+
+	*/
+)